How do groups evolve over time?

For decades, research has explored teamwork and collaboration in an effort to make this process as effective and successful as possible. One of the most notable models of group development comes from Tuckman in 1965. The research identifies five stages of group work that teams will go through whether they know it or not. Each of these stages is explained below. 

Forming. In this stage, team formation begins with a team or project kick off. Team members begin to learn about one another and the task or project they are going to be working on. Team purpose is critical at this point so that team members are aware of what is ahead of them. 

Storming. In the storming stage, teams are often confronted with a conflict or challenge. Trust development becomes important at this point so that teams can solve the challenges they are faced with and overcome them. Leadership is also particularly important at this point so that teams are able to move forward together. 

Norming. As teams overcome any challenges they have faced or begin to tolerate any conflicts, they are able to reach a norming stage and emerge as a productive team. Teams develop standards or guidelines that help them to work together and address any challenges from earlier. 

Performing. Once a team develops norms, they are able to work together as a high performing team and ultimately complete the goals set at the start of their work. This stage is where teams start to see their efforts pay off. 

Adjourning. The final stage in this model was not added until 1977. The final stage includes the wrap up of teamwork and efforts. This stage is important so that team members can reflect and learn from the process they were a part of. 

The stages of group development are helpful for team members to remember as they are working together. Even well-established teams can face challenges, and it is useful to know that team success can still be reached when challenging times come up.